[TASK] Add image and php extension version information to image

This change writes a information file during the image build of the typo3/core-testing-phpXY images.

Generated file: /etc/typo3-image-info.json

This file is added as a first preparation to keep track of php extension version installed through pecl. That allows us in the future to better define which version raises are needed for the corresponding php image to use.

For that, build arguments are added to be available during a Dockerfile build in a RUN section without adding it as a ENV variable.

Other images may be modified similiar, for example the nodejs images in a dedicated change.

This change acts as a base line determination for next image builds.